Past performance, in China’s case, may be indicative of future results.
In late 2007, the Chinese government was scrambling to control acapital-spending boom. The central bank was concerned about 11 percent growth in gross domestic product, far above its official target of 8 percent, and about money flooding in from exports and direct foreign investment.
By Nov. 1, the People’s Bank of China had raised its one- year lending rate five times and reserve requirements eight times to soak up excess liquidity.
My firm’s research predicted then that the government would curb capital spending and excess liquidity just as exports weakened. Then, as excess capacity mounted, direct foreign investment would disappear and deflation would reign.
That’s essentially what happened in 2008 and 2009, as the effects of China’s fiscal and monetary restraint coincided with the worldwide economic slump. The growth rate dropped to 6 percent, which in China constituted a major recession.
Don’t be surprised if history repeats itself in the next few years.
This time around, some signs of cooling are already apparent. Besides dampened housing demand, the HSBC Flash China Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index in June fell to 50.1, its lowest level in 11 months. Passenger-vehicle sales grew 33 percent in 2010, when the government subsidized small-car purchases, but only 3 percent this April over a year earlier.
Money, Banks, Stocks
Growth in the broadest measure of China’s money supply has declined from 30 percent year-over-year in December 2009 to 15 percent year-over-year at the end of May. Bank loans fell 25 percent in May from April. Excavator sales fell 10 percent in May from a year earlier, possibly foreshadowing a construction bust. The 14.3 percent decline in the Shanghai Composite Index last year and the 10 percent drop since mid-April also don’t bode well for growth.
Despite all these negatives, with recent data showing first-quarter GDP expanding by a still-healthy 9.7 percent, and consumer inflation at its highest levels since July 2008, China has continued to tighten its economic policy. The government raised banks’ reserve requirements to 21.5 percent in June, the ninth such increase since November. And it will probably continue to tighten until it sees decisive results -- that is, a hard landing.
What will happen next?
No Floating Yuan
For one thing, even though a hard landing could cause hot money to flee the country and weaken the yuan, China will not float its currency. Many Western governments argue that if China allowed the tightly controlled yuan to float freely, it would rise against the dollar and other major currencies. That, the thinking goes, would discourage exports, encourage imports and quickly eliminate China’s chronic trade surplus.
The Chinese have repeatedly told Western officials that they will not be pushed into floating the yuan. They worry that a jump in the currency’s value would wreak havoc on Chinese exporters and force them to move production to cheaper venues. A stronger yuan would also reduce the value of China’s foreign- currency reserves.
Furthermore, exchange rates have only limited effects on import or export prices and, therefore, imports and exports themselves. The key determinant of a country’s exports is the economic health of its trading partners. If their economies are robust, they buy more of everything, including imports.
The dammed-up zeal to own the Chinese currency would dissipate quickly if all barriers were removed and it became clear that a more expensive yuan was not ending China’s trade surplus. Pressure from foreign governments for a stronger yuan would then evaporate, as would interest in owning more Chinese currency in anticipation of higher values. And the removal of restrictions that prevent Chinese from diversifying their investments abroad might actually depress the yuan by encouraging money to flow out of China.
Holding Treasuries
China also won’t be selling its $1 trillion in reserves of U.S. Treasuries in great amounts, as some have feared. The Chinese are well aware that doing so would be disastrous for their economy, because the resulting nosedive in Treasury prices and the dollar would decimate the value of China’s remaining holdings of U.S. debt and other assets. A global depression might well ensue, with China and other export-dependent countries as the biggest losers.
Excess Capacity
Instead, China’s most likely reaction -- to focus still more on exports -- will exacerbate its hard landing. If consumer spending doesn’t increase substantially in the next few years, China will have a serious problem using all the industrial capacity it has built, partly to keep people employed. Capacity is mushrooming so rapidly that even in China’s booming economy, most manufacturers are still seeing flat or falling utilization rates.
This unused capacity portends weak profits and trouble for the loans that financed it. My judgment is that it will once again be used for exports aimed at the U.S. and Europe. And once again, this will add to global excess supply and put downward pressure on prices.
Then China, along with other export-dependent emerging economies, will be competing fiercely in a world of slow growth and deflation.
(A. Gary Shilling is president of A. Gary Shilling & Co. and author of “The Age of Deleveraging: Investment Strategies for a Decade of Slow Growth and Deflation.” The opinions expressed are his own. This is the fourth in a five-part series.)
Read more Bloomberg View op-eds.
To contact the author of this column: A. Gary Shilling at insight@agaryshilling.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this column: Timothy Lavin at tlavin1@bloomberg.net.
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